Photo by Alan Rockefeller. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

## 1 Introduction

This vignette demonstrates how to analyze occurrence data for Glowworms in Australia, using records from the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA).

The dataset has been prepared for you to explore, making it suitable for both study and practice with real-world ecological data. In this vignette we provide short examples of how to manipulate and visualize the dataset, but you are encouraged to develop your own creative approaches for analysis and visualization.

This is the glimpse of your data :

    library(dplyr)
    library(ecotourism)
    data("glowworms")
    glowworms |> glimpse()

    Rows: 124
    Columns: 14
    $ obs_lat     <dbl> -43.46398, -43.46257, -43.46228, -43.46207, -43.46201, -42…
    $ obs_lon     <dbl> 146.8676, 146.8485, 146.8490, 146.8491, 146.8476, 146.5577…
    $ date        <date> 2021-12-14, 2015-12-09, 2017-04-17, 2023-12-21, 2022-12-2…
    $ time        <chr> "22:14:23", "15:00:24", "13:31:00", "14:18:00", "18:42:12"…
    $ year        <dbl> 2021, 2015, 2017, 2023, 2022, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2018…
    $ month       <dbl> 12, 12, 4, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12,…
    $ day         <dbl> 14, 9, 17, 21, 26, 5, 5, 5, 4, 28, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 2, 2,…
    $ hour        <int> 22, 15, 13, 14, 18, 11, 11, 11, 23, 6, 22, 16, 16, 21, 11,…
    $ weekday     <ord> Tuesday, Wednesday, Monday, Thursday, Monday, Thursday, Th…
    $ dayofyear   <dbl> 348, 343, 107, 355, 360, 340, 340, 340, 339, 332, 339, 340…
    $ sci_name    <chr> "Arachnocampa tasmaniensis", "Arachnocampa tasmaniensis", …
    $ record_type <chr> "HUMAN_OBSERVATION", "HUMAN_OBSERVATION", "HUMAN_OBSERVATI…
    $ obs_state   <chr> "Tasmania", "Tasmania", "Tasmania", "Tasmania", "Tasmania"…
    $ ws_id       <chr> "949610-99999", "949610-99999", "949610-99999", "949610-99…

## 2 Visualization

### 2.1 Spatial Distribution Map

Distribution of Occurrence Glowworms Sightings in Australia

    library(ggplot2)
    library(ggthemes)

    glowworms |>
      ggplot() +
        geom_sf(data = oz_lga) +
        geom_point(aes(x = obs_lon, y = obs_lat), color = "red") +
        theme_map()

## 3 Weekly, Monthly, and Yearly Trends

Weekday Distribution of Glowworms Sightings

    week_order <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday")

    glowworms |>
      ggplot(aes(x = factor(weekday, levels = week_order))) +
        geom_bar() +
        labs(x = "Weekday", y = "Number of Records") +
        theme_minimal()

Monthly Distribution of Glowworms Sightings

    library(lubridate)
    glowworms |>
        dplyr::mutate(month = month(month, label = TRUE, abbr = TRUE)) |>
        ggplot(aes(x = factor(month))) +
        geom_bar() +
        labs(x = "Month", y = "Number of Records") +
        theme_minimal()

Yearly Distribution of Glowworms Sightings

    glowworms |>
        ggplot(aes(x = factor(year))) +
        geom_bar() +
        labs(x = "Year", y = "Number of Records")+
        theme_minimal()

## 4 Relational visualization

We want to see if `glowworms` occurrences are related to tourism quarter trips on the same day from the weather dataset.

Here’s a short R script that:

1. Joins `glowworms` with weather using `ws_id` and `date`.

2. Counts daily occurrences.

3. Plots quarter number of `glowworms` sightings.

    # Prepare glowworms occurrence counts per quarter
    glowworms_quarterly <- glowworms |>
      mutate(quarter = quarter(date)) |>
      group_by(year, quarter, ws_id) |>
      summarise(occurrence = n(), .groups = "drop")

    # tourism quarterly spot data set near glowworms occurrence
    tourism_sub <- tourism_quarterly |>
       filter(ws_id %in% glowworms$ws_id)

    glowworms_tourism <- glowworms_quarterly |>
      left_join(tourism_sub, by=c("ws_id", "year", "quarter"))

    # Simple scatter plot: precipitation vs glowworms occurrence
    ggplot(glowworms_tourism, aes(x = quarter, y = occurrence)) +
      geom_jitter(width=0.1) +
      stat_summary(colour="red", geom = "point", size=3) +
      labs(
        title = "Relationship between tourism and glowworms occurrence",
        x = "Quarter",
        y = "Occurrence (jittered)"
      ) +
      theme_minimal()