`tabular` turns one pre-summarised, wide data frame into a publication-ready table and renders it natively to RTF, HTML, DOCX, PDF/LaTeX and Markdown — from a single spec, with no Java or Office dependency.

Two things to internalise up front:

1. tabular is display-only. It never aggregates, filters, or computes statistics. You bring a summarised data frame (one input row = one display row); tabular lays it out and renders it. (Producing that frame from a cards ARD is the Data in article.)
2. One immutable spec, built with verbs. You pipe a `tabular()` object through verbs (`cols()`, `headers()`, `paginate()`, `preset()`, …) and finish with `emit()`. Each verb returns a new spec; nothing renders until `emit()`.

## Your first table

Start from a wide frame — here the bundled demographics summary, one row per statistic, one column per treatment arm:

    data(cdisc_saf_demo, package = "tabular")
    head(cdisc_saf_demo)
    #>           variable stat_label     placebo    drug_100     drug_50       Total
    #> 1      Age (years)          n          86          72          96         254
    #> 2      Age (years)  Mean (SD) 75.2 (8.59) 73.8 (7.94) 76.0 (8.11) 75.1 (8.25)
    #> 3      Age (years)     Median        76.0        75.5        78.0        77.0
    #> 4      Age (years)     Q1, Q3  69.2, 81.8  70.5, 79.0  71.0, 82.0  70.0, 81.0
    #> 5      Age (years)   Min, Max      52, 89      56, 88      51, 88      51, 89
    #> 6 Age Group, n (%)      18-64   14 (16.3)   11 (15.3)     8 (8.3)   33 (13.0)

Describe the columns. The spec prints as a live HTML table — this is the same render `emit()` produces, shown inline:

    spec <- tabular(
      cdisc_saf_demo,
      titles = c(
        "Table 14-2.01",
        "Demographic and Baseline Characteristics",
        "ITT Population"
      )
    ) |>
      cols(
        variable = col_spec(
          usage = "group",
          group_display = "header_row",
          label = ""
        ),
        stat_label = col_spec(usage = "indent", label = "")
      )

    spec

Table 14-2.01

Demographic and Baseline Characteristics

ITT Population

| placebo | drug_100 | drug_50 | Total
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Age (years)
n | 86 | 72 | 96 | 254
Mean (SD) | 75.2 (8.59) | 73.8 (7.94) | 76.0 (8.11) | 75.1 (8.25)
Median | 76.0 | 75.5 | 78.0 | 77.0
Q1, Q3 | 69.2, 81.8 | 70.5, 79.0 | 71.0, 82.0 | 70.0, 81.0
Min, Max | 52, 89 | 56, 88 | 51, 88 | 51, 89
Age Group, n (%)
18-64 | 14 (16.3) | 11 (15.3) | 8 (8.3) | 33 (13.0)
>64 | 72 (83.7) | 61 (84.7) | 88 (91.7) | 221 (87.0)
Sex, n (%)
F | 53 (61.6) | 35 (48.6) | 55 (57.3) | 143 (56.3)
M | 33 (38.4) | 37 (51.4) | 41 (42.7) | 111 (43.7)
Race, n (%)
WHITE | 78 (90.7) | 62 (86.1) | 90 (93.8) | 230 (90.6)
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN | 8 (9.3) | 9 (12.5) | 6 (6.2) | 23 (9.1)
ASIAN | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0)
AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4)
Ethnicity, n (%)
HISPANIC OR LATINO | 3 (3.5) | 3 (4.2) | 6 (6.2) | 12 (4.7)
NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO | 83 (96.5) | 69 (95.8) | 90 (93.8) | 242 (95.3)
NOT REPORTED | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0)
Weight (kg)
n | 86 | 72 | 95 | 253
Mean (SD) | 62.8 (12.77) | 69.5 (14.35) | 68.0 (14.50) | 66.6 (14.13)
Median | 60.6 | 69.0 | 66.7 | 66.7
Q1, Q3 | 53.6, 74.2 | 56.9, 80.3 | 56.0, 78.2 | 55.3, 77.1
Min, Max | 34, 86 | 44, 108 | 42, 106 | 34, 108
Height (cm)
n | 86 | 72 | 96 | 254
Mean (SD) | 162.6 (11.52) | 165.9 (10.28) | 163.7 (10.30) | 163.9 (10.76)
Median | 162.6 | 165.1 | 162.6 | 162.8
Q1, Q3 | 154.0, 171.1 | 157.5, 172.8 | 157.5, 170.2 | 156.2, 171.4
Min, Max | 137, 185 | 146, 190 | 136, 196 | 136, 196
BMI (kg/m^2)
n | 86 | 72 | 95 | 253
Mean (SD) | 23.6 (3.67) | 25.2 (3.97) | 25.2 (4.40) | 24.7 (4.09)
Median | 23.4 | 24.8 | 24.8 | 24.2
Q1, Q3 | 21.2, 25.6 | 22.7, 27.6 | 22.3, 28.2 | 21.9, 27.3
Min, Max | 15, 33 | 14, 35 | 15, 40 | 14, 40
BMI Category, n (%)
Underweight (<18.5) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (4.2) | 8 (3.1)
Normal (18.5-24.9) | 57 (66.3) | 39 (54.2) | 46 (47.9) | 142 (55.9)
Overweight (25-29.9) | 20 (23.3) | 23 (31.9) | 32 (33.3) | 75 (29.5)
Obese (>=30) | 6 (7.0) | 9 (12.5) | 13 (13.5) | 28 (11.0)

To write a file, hand the spec to `emit()`; the backend is chosen by the file extension (or an explicit `format =`):

    out <- tempfile(fileext = ".rtf")
    emit(spec, out) # RTF here; swap to .docx / .pdf / .html / .md
    file.exists(out)
    #> [1] TRUE

That is the whole loop: wide frame → `tabular()` → `cols()` → `emit()` — one spec, any backend.

## The pipeline at a glance

Read it left to right. You summarise upstream — with cards/cardx, dplyr, or SAS — into a long ARD, widen that to a display-ready frame with `pivot_across()`, then hand it to tabular. Inside the package the work happens in three phases (Build → Resolve → Emit), and the same resolved spec emits to every backend, so the HTML you preview and the RTF you ship can never disagree.

tabular’s pipeline: summarise upstream into a long ARD, widen it with `pivot_across()`, then build, resolve, and emit one immutable spec to every backend.

## Anatomy of a clinical table page

A submission table is not just a grid of numbers — it is a page with four stacked sections, and a reviewer expects each one in its place. Every tabular verb maps onto a piece of this picture:

The four-section clinical page and the verb that fills each section.

- Header section — the running protocol, optional status, and page x of y, set as page chrome with `preset(pagehead =, pagefoot =)`.
- Title lines — the table number and up to four centred titles, passed to `tabular(titles =)`.
- Data section — an optional `subgroup()` banner, the column-header band built by `cols()` and `headers()`, then the decimal-aligned data.
- Footnote lines — your static `footnotes =` plus any auto-numbered `footnote()` markers, then the program path, name, and timestamp.

`preset()` frames all four by controlling the page geometry (paper, orientation, margins, fonts).

## Where to next

The rest of the docs are task-oriented — read the one that matches what you are doing:

- Data in — turn a cards/cardx ARD (or any long ARD) into the wide frame, with `pivot_across()`.
- Structure — columns, headers, BigN, and splitting wide or long tables across pages (`cols()`, `headers()`, `paginate()`, `subgroup()`).
- Presentation — titles, footnotes, running headers, and cell styling (`footnote()`, `preset()`, `style()`).
- Recipes — the canonical CDISC-pilot safety and efficacy tables built end to end, each rendered live.
- Output & qualification — the backends, their system requirements, and the CDISC-pilot cross-backend validation.